Some common examples of shell (summary nouns) are listed in the following table: approach Shell nouns or summary nouns are abstract nouns which are used to refer to the meaning of a group of words or phrases in the preceding or succeeding information or sentences. Academic culture: A student’s guide to studying at university. They believe that one of the major features of a healthy society is that it allows each member to develop their talents and interests as fully as possible.įrom Brick et al. This means that people in English-speaking cultures tend to see society as composed of separate individuals, each of whom has their own unique interests and talents. Most English-speaking cultures stress the role of the individual in society. Read the following example and you can see the bold words that refer to the preceding italicised words/phrases. He/his, she/her/hers, it/its, they/their/theirs ![]() Some common types of reference words are noted below: Personal pronouns Reference words are used to refer to other parts of the text (usually mentioned in a preceding sentence) to avoid the repetition of words and phrases in the text. ![]() In the Gregorian calendar, the year is still 26.3 seconds different from the solar year, but it will be a long time before this causes a problem.įrom Oshima and Hogue (2006). By 1580, the first calendrical day of spring was 10 days too early, so in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII, the leader of the Roman Catholic religion, made a small change to make the calendar more accurate. This calendar worked better than the previous ones, but it still was not perfect. The very next emperor, Augustus, not only renamed a month for himself (August), but he also took one day from February and added it to August so that “his” month would be just as long as Caesar’s. In Caesar’s calendar, February had 29 days. He also moved the beginning of the year to January 1, and he renamed a month for himself: Julius (July). His calendar had 365 days, with one day added every fourth year. Then in 46 B.C.E., Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler, made a new calendar. A few decades later, the Romans added the months of January and February to the end of the year. Spring arrived when the calendar said that it was still winter. There were more than 60 days missing from the calendar, so very soon the calendar did not match the seasons at all. In about 700 B.C.E., the ancient Romans used a calendar that had 304 days divided into 10 months March was the beginning of each year. It took more than 2,500 years to develop the calendar used in most Western countries today. This is a model paragraph using chronological order: You also need to use chronological transition signals to indicate the sequence of events or steps in a process. narrative writing) or steps in a process in chronological order. You can present a sequence of events (i.e. This is a way of organising ideas in paragraphs in order of their occurence in time. When using a logical division of ideas in an essay, you need to divide a topic into major points (sub-topics) and discuss each point in a separate paragraph. ![]() In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.įrom Oshima and Hogue (2005). Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. ![]() The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First, it discusses gold’s beauty and second its utility. This is a model paragraph using a logical division of ideas. When you use logical division, you group related ideas together and discuss each group, one after the other. Logical division is one of the most common ways to organise ideas in English.
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